Системы оценки опасности при загрязнении атмосферного воздуха: попытка обобщения подходов

Abstract

The characteristic of existing approaches to risk assessment in the air pollution that have been adopted in the ecological and socio-hygienic monitoring. The first approach provides a comparative risk assessment in relation to given normalized levels of air pollution by chemicals. The second approach involves the assessment of danger according to the manifestations of the toxicological process, based on the direct application harm biological objects. Analyzes the basic situation, the principles, approaches and methods of risk assessment for both existing concepts. The risk assessment in environmental monitoring is based on the definition of a limited list of priority substances, control of their content in the air, use of sanitary standards and determining the individual and complex indicators of air pollution. Risk assessment in the public health monitoring based on risk analysis of negative impacts on humans, animals, plants and the biosphere in general, and related primarily to the study of characteristics and parameters of the toxic processes. Both approaches its goal in the final out on a probabilistic risk assessment based on the identification of risks of adverse events and adverse air pollution effects in the implementation of these developments. Analyzed as risk assessment when air pollution is based on the determination of the likelihood of complex hazardous events associated with both exceeding regulatory levels of air pollution, and the negative effect of harmful substances on the recipient. An attempt to analyze the development of concepts related to the assessment of hazards, and characterized by some promising areas of research in this area.